Triflumizole Is an Obesogen in Mice that Acts through Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARγ)

Xia Li,¹ Hang T. Pham,¹ Amanda S. Janesick,¹ and Bruce Blumberg^1,2

¹Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, and ²Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA

Abstract

Background: Triflumizole (TFZ) is an imidazole fungicide used on many food and ornamental crops. TFZ is not thought to be particularly toxic or carcinogenic, but little is known about its effect on development. TFZ is identified as a peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) activator in ToxCast. Because PPARγ is a master regulator of adipogenesis, we hypothesized that TFZ would activate PPARγ, thereby inducing adipogenesis and weight gain in vivo.

Objectives: We sought to test the ability of TFZ to activate PPARγ and promote adipogenesis in vitro and in vivo.

Methods: We used transient transfection to test the ability of TFZ to activate PPARγ, and we used 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and human multipotent mesenchymal stromal stem cells (MSCs) to study the adipogenic capacity of TFZ in culture. We treated pregnant mice with three doses of TFZ and evaluated the effects on body weight, adipose depot weight, and MSC programming in the prenatally exposed offspring.

Discussion: TFZ induced adipogenesis in MSCs and in mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Prenatal exposure to levels of TFZ at approximately 400-fold below the reported no observed adverse effect level increased adipose depot weight. All doses of TFZ tested increased adipogenic gene expression in MSCs while inhibiting expression of osteogenic genes.

Conclusions: TFZ acts through a PPARγ-dependent mechanism to induce adipogenic differentiation in MSCs and preadipocytes at low nanomolar concentrations. Prenatal TFZ exposure increases adipose depot weight and diverts MSC fate toward the adipocyte lineage; therefore, we conclude that TFZ is an obesogen in vivo.

Key words: 3T3-L1 cells, adipogenesis, endocrine disruption, MSCs, obesogen, PPARγ, triflumizole.

Environ Health Perspect 120:1720–1726 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205383 [Online 22 October 2012]

Address correspondence to B. Blumberg, Developmental and Cell Biology, U.C. Irvine, 2011 BioSci 3, Irvine, CA 92697-2300 USA. Telephone: (949) 824-8573. Fax: (949) 824-4709. E-mail: blumberg@uci.edu

Supplemental Material is available online (http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205383).

This study was supported by National Institutes of Health grant ES-015849 to B.B. A.J. is a predoctoral trainee supported by grant IGERT DGE 0549479 from the National Science Foundation.

B.B. is a named inventor on U.S. patents 5,861,274, 6,200,802, 6,815,168, and 7,250,273 related to PPARγ. The other authors declare they have no actual or potential competing financial interests.

Received 25 April 2012; Accepted 26 September 2012; Online 22 October 2012.