Preface
Bernard D. Goldstein and David Peakall
p. 403

Introduction

Introduction and Summary of the 13th Meeting of the Scientific Group on Methodologies for the Safety Evaluation of Chemicals (SGOMSEC): Alternative Testing Methodologies
William S. Stokes and Erminio Marafante
p. 405

Joint Reports

• Alternative Testing Methodologies and Conceptual Issues
  Bas J. Blaauboer, Michael Balls, Martin Barratt, Silvia Casati, Sandra Coecke, Mostafa K. Mohamed,Jack Moore, David Rall, Kirk R. Smith, Raymond Tennant, B.A. Schwetz, William S. Stokes, and Maged Younes
  p. 413

• Validation and Acute Toxicity Testing
  Rodger Curren, Leon Bruner, Alan Goldberg, and Erik Walum
  p. 419

• Alternative Testing Methodologies for Organ Toxicity
  Horst Spielmann, Nikolay P. Bochkov, Lucio Costa, Laura Gribaldo, Andre Guillouzo, Jerrold J. Heindel, Meryl Karol, Ralph Parchment, Walter Pfaller, Pilar Prieto Peraita, and Tim Zacharewski
  p. 427

  Alternative Testing Methodologies for Ecotoxicity
  Colin Walker, Klaus Kaiser, Werner Klein, Laurent Lagadic, David Peakall, Steven Sheffield, Thomas Soldan, and Masayuki Yasuno
  p. 441

Conceptual Issues

• Commentary: Mechanistic Approaches and the Development of Alternative Toxicity Test Methods
  Michael Balls
  p. 453

• Integration of QSAR and in Vitro Toxicology
  Martin D. Barratt
  p. 459

• Alternative Tests: Carcinogenesis as an Example
  Bernard Schwetz and David Gaylor
  p. 467

  Evaluation and Validation Issues in the Development of Transgenic Mouse Carcinogenicity Bioassays
  Raymond W. Tennant
  p. 473

Validation and Acute Toxicity Testing

• Validation of Alternative Methods for Toxicity Testing
  Leon H. Bruner, Gregory J. Carr, Rodger D. Curren, and Mark Chamberlain
  p. 477

• In Vitro Alternatives for Ocular Irritation
  Rodger D. Curren and John W. Harbell
  p. 485

• Dermal Toxicity: Alternative Methods for Risk Assessment
  Alan M. Goldberg and Howard I. Maibach
  p. 493

  Acute Oral Toxicity
  Erik Walum
  p. 497

Organ Toxicity

• Neurotoxicity Testing: A Discussion of in Vitro Alternatives
  Lucio G. Costa
  p. 505

• Liver Cell Models in in Vitro Toxicology
  André Guillouzo
  p. 511

• Target Organs and Systems: Methodologies to Assess Immune System Function
  Meryl H. Karol
  p. 533

• Alternative Testing Systems for Evaluating Noncarcinogenic, Hematologic Toxicity
  Ralph E. Parchment
  p. 541

• Nephrotoxicity Testing in Vitro--What We Know and What We Need to Know
  Walter Pfaller and Gerhard Gstraunthaler
  p. 559

• Reproduction and Development
  Horst Spielmann
  p. 571

  Identification and Assessment of Endocrine Disruptors: Limitations of in Vivo and in Vitro Assays
  Tim Zacharewski
  p. 577

Ecotoxicity

• Correlations of Vibrio fischeri Bacteria Test Data with Bioassay Data for Other Organisms
  Klaus L.E. Kaiser
  p. 583

• Invertebrates in Testing of Environmental Chemicals: Are They Alternatives?
  Laurent Lagadic and Thierry Caquet
  p. 593

  Commentary: Biomarker Strategies to Evaluate the Environmental Effects of Chemicals
  Colin H. Walker
  p. 613

• Introduction: Dioxins and Furans: Epidemiologic Assessment of Cancer Risks and Other Human Health Effects
  Heiko Becher and Dieter Flesch-Janys
  p. 623

• The Seveso Studies on Early and Long-Term Effects of Dioxin Exposure: A Review
  Pier A. Bertazzi, Ilaria Bernucci, Gabriella Brambilla, Dario Consonni, and Angela C. Pesatori
  p. 625

• Evaluation of Cardiovascular Outcomes among U.S. Workers Exposed to 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
  Geoffrey M. Calvert, David K. Wall, Marie Haring Sweeney, and Marilyn A. Fingerhut
  p. 635

• Exposure to Dioxin and Nonneoplastic Mortality in the Expanded IARC International Cohort Study of Phenoxy Herbicide and Chlorophenol Production Workers and Sprayers
  John Vena, Paolo Boffetta, Heiko Becher, Trevor Benn, H. Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita, David Coggon, Didier Colin, Dieter Flesch-Janys, Lois Green, Timo Kauppinen, Margareta Littorin, Elsebeth Lynge, John D. Mathews, Manfred Neuberger, Neil Pearce, Angela C. Pesatori, Rodolfo Saracci, Kyle Steenland, and Manolis Kogevinas
  p. 645

• Estimation of the Cumulated Exposure to Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans and Standardized Mortality Ratio Analysis of Cancer Mortality by Dose in an Occupationally Exposed Cohort
  Dieter Flesch-Janys, Karen Steindorf, Petra Gurn, and Heiko Becher
  p. 655

• Quantitative Cancer Risk Assessment for Dioxins Using an Occupational Cohort
  Heiko Becher, Karen Steindorf, and Dieter Flesch-Janys
  p. 663

• Exposure to Agent Orange and Occurrence of Soft-Tissue Sarcomas or Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas: An Ongoing Study in Vietnam
  Eva Kramárová, Manolis Kogevinas, Cung Thuyet Anh, Hoang Dinh Cau, Le Cao Dai, Steven D. Stellman, and D. Maxwell Parkin
  p. 671

• Some Aspects of the Etiology of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
  Lennart Hardell, Gunilla Lindström, Bert van Bavel, Mats Fredrikson, and Göran Liljegren
  p. 679

• Cancer Incidence in Danish Phenoxy Herbicide Workers, 1947-1993
  Elsebeth Lynge
  p. 683

• Immunologic Findings in Workers Formerly Exposed to 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and its Congeners
  Detlev Jung, Peter A. Berg, Lutz Edler, Wolfram Ehrenthal, Dietrich Fenner, Dieter Flesch-Janys, Christoph Huber, Reinhild Klein, Christina Koitka, George Lucier, Alfred Manz, Axel Muttray, Larry Needham, Olaf Päpke, Michael Pietsch, Christopher Portier, Donald Patterson, Winfried Prellwitz, Dirk M. Rose, Anne Thews, and Johannes Konietzko
  p. 689

• Effects of Dioxins and Furans on Liver Enzymes, Lipid Parameters, and Thyroid Hormones in Former Thermal MetalRecycling Workers
  Gerhard Triebig, Egon Werle, Olaf Päpke, Günther Heim, Christoph Broding, and Heidi Ludwig
  p. 697

• Immune Cell Functions in Industrial Workers after Exposure to 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: Dissociation of Antigen-Specific T-Cell Responses in Cultures of Diluted Whole Blood and of Isolated Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
  Martin Ernst, D. Flesch-Janys, I. Morgenstern, and A. Manz
  p. 701

• PCDD/PCDF Indoor Exposure in Day-Care Centers and PCDD/PCDF Blood Concentrations of Female Employees
  Sabine von Manikowsky, Helmut Sagunski, Olaf Päpke, Karl-Rainer Fabig, Hermann Neus, Michael Schümann, Karen Spannhake, Wilfried Karmaus, Nadia Osius, and Bernd Zier
  p. 707

• Occupational Exposure to Dioxins by Thermal Oxygen Cutting, Welding, and Soldering of Metals
  Heinrich Michl Menzel, Ulrich Bolm-Audorff, Erich Turcer, Hans Günter Bienfait, Gerd Albracht, Dirk Walter, Chris Emmel, Udo Knecht, and Olaf Päpke
  p. 715

• PCDD/PCDF: Human Background Data for Germany, a 10-Year Experience
  Olaf Päpke
  p. 723

• Blood Lipid Concentrations of Dioxins and Furans in a Sample of BASF Employees Included in the IARC Registry of Workers Exposed to Phenoxy Acid Herbicides and/or Chlorophenols
  Peter Messerer, Andreas Zober, and Heiko Becher
  p. 733

• Commentary: A Selective Historical Review of Congener-Specific Human Tissue Measurements as Sensitive and Specific Biomarkers of Exposure to Dioxins and Related Compounds
  Arnold Schecter
  p. 737

• Estimation of Occupational Exposure to 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Using a Minimal Physiologic Toxicokinetic Model
  Karl Thomaseth and Alberto Salvan
  p. 743

• An IARC Evaluation of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans as Risk Factors in Human Carcinogenesis
  Douglas B. McGregor, Christiane Partensky, Julian Wilbourn, and Jerry M. Rice
  p. 755

  Animal Models of Human Response to Dioxins
  Jean A. Grassman, Scott A. Masten, Nigel J. Walker, and George W. Lucier
  p. 761