Research ArticleOpen Access

How are children different from adults?

C F Bearer

Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.

Published:1 September 1995https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.95103s67Cited by:185

Abstract

Several factors alter an individual's risk for an environmentally related illness. A major determinant is the age of the individual. The toxicodynamic processes that determine exposure, absorption, metabolism, excretion, and tissue vulnerability are all age related. This paper discusses each of these processes and their variability with age, and illustrates these points with examples of environmentally related disease cases.

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Iwata K, Yamada Y, Nakata A, Oghiso Y, Tani S, Doi K, Morioka T, Blyth B, Nishimura M, Kakinuma S and Shimada Y (2013) Co-operative effects of thoracic X-ray irradiation and N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl) amine administration on lung tumorigenesis in neonatal, juvenile and adult Wistar rats, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 10.1016/j.taap.2012.12.024, 267:3, (266-275), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2013.

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Schmidt B, Schulz C, Moebus S, Seiwert M, Kolossa-Gehring M and Jöckel K (2012) Konzept für eine umweltepidemiologische Geburtskohorte des Bundes Concept for a German national birth cohort for environmental health research, Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz, 10.1007/s00103-012-1484-5, 55:6-7, (852-857), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2012.

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Ramadoss J and Magness R (2011) 2-D DIGE uterine endothelial proteomic profile for maternal chronic binge-like alcohol exposure, Journal of Proteomics, 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.07.029, 74:12, (2986-2994), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2011.

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Tovalin H, Herbarth O, Sierra-Vargas M, Strandberg B, Blanco S, Vega L, Sioutas C, Hicks J, Marroqu√≠n R, Acosta G, Guarneros M, Hern√°ndez V, Estrada-Mu√±iz E, Olivares I, P√©rez D, Torres-Ramos Y, Ulrich F, Hudson R, Reyes E, Rodr√≠guez T, Elizondo G and Cantellano E (2010) Air Pollutants Exposure and Health Effects during the. MILAGRO–MCMA2006 Campaign Air Pollution, 10.1201/EBK1439809624-c7, (203-227), Online publication date: 22-Jun-2010.

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Jurewicz J and Hanke W Exposure to Pesticides and Childhood Cancer Risk: Has there been any Progress in Epidemiological Studies?, International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 10.2478/v10001-006-0024-7, 19:3

Morgan M, Sheldon L, Croghan C, Jones P, Robertson G, Chuang J, Wilson N and Lyu C (2004) Exposures of preschool children to chlorpyrifos and its degradation product 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol in their everyday environments, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 10.1038/sj.jea.7500406, 15:4, (297-309), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2005.

Cohen Hubal E (2011) Issues in Dermal Exposure of Infants, Journal of Children's Health, 10.3109/15417060490930065, 2:3-4, (253-266), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2005.

Vacek P, Messier T, Rivers J, Sullivan L, O'Neill J and Finette B (2005) Somatic mutant frequency at theHPRT locus in children associated with a pediatric cancer cluster linked to exposure to two superfund sites, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, 10.1002/em.20101, 45:4, (339-345), .

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(2004) NTP-CERHR Expert Panel report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of methanol, Reproductive Toxicology, 10.1016/j.reprotox.2003.10.013, 18:3, (303-390), Online publication date: 1-May-2004.

Olsen G, Church T, Hansen K, Burris J, Butenhoff J, Mandel J and Zobel L (2011) Quantitative Evaluation of Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and Other Fluorochemicals in the Serum of Children, Journal of Children's Health, 10.3109/15417060490447378, 2:1, (53-76), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2004.

Rohrer C, Hieber T, Melnyk L and Berry M (2003) Transfer efficiencies of pesticides from household flooring surfaces to foods, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 10.1038/sj.jea.7500300, 13:6, (454-464), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2003.

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Finette B, Kendall H and Vacek P (2002) Mutational spectral analysis at the HPRT locus in healthy children, Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 10.1016/S0027-5107(02)00119-7, 505:1-2, (27-41), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2002.

Suk W (2002) Beyond The Bangkok Statement: research needs to address environmental threats to children's health., Environmental Health Perspectives, 110:6, (A284-A286), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2002.

Norgil Damgaard I, Maria Main K, Toppari J and Skakkebæk N (2002) Impact of exposure to endocrine disrupters inutero and in childhood on adult reproduction, Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 10.1053/beem.2002.0205, 16:2, (289-309), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2002.

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Landrigan P (2001) Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs): An Analysis of the Evidence That They Impair Children's Neurobehavioral Development, Molecular Genetics and Metabolism, 10.1006/mgme.2001.3177, 73:1, (11-17), Online publication date: 1-May-2001.

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Vol. 103, No. suppl 6

September 1995

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Originally published1 September 1995
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